Just off the top: All the electronics shit is gonna add weight, bulk, and power requirements.
It's gonna get dirty, fogs up, w/e.
It's gonna not work for one reason or another b/c it can't get a link, or it gets bashed against a humvee/wall. It doesn't get updated information, etc.
If the enemy picks it up it either shows them where to shoot your guys, or it involves some authentication system that will make it useless to guys in a gunfight anyway. (What happens if your guys accidentally switch headsets after lunch?)
It adds a bunch of extraneous bullshit in the form of information you don't need to be dealing with. Ever get lost while listening to the radio? Now raise your hand if the first thing you did was turn the music down. When shit is going south you need to REDUCE cognitive load. Pasting extra information into someone's field of view is likely to be unhelpful.
* Fixed a bug that occasionally caused friendly units to display as hostile ones.
* Corrected AR ammo counter to correctly match actual rounds in small arm.
* Adjusted networking code to ensure headsets remain synced with team leaders.
And hundreds of other potentially dangerous and hilarious patch notes...
Looking forward to everyone saying, "My life for AIUR!" while using these.
I'll add one more: so much of what platoon leaders do now is teach about technology. There's only so many hours in the day for training, and (even back in 2013!) the load was starting to cause deficiency in basic combat tasks. We just didn't have the time between all the requirements to get everyone proficient in the myriad of sensor tech we ended up carrying. Plus, if it's possible to break something believe me a Private will figure out how to do it.
>What happens if your guys accidentally switch headsets after lunch?
This right here is a question I hope they're thinking about. In an actual fight, you may need to pick up gear off the ground. What happens if you can't, because "authentication"?
Most likely HQ so the brass can play command and conquer with the infantry and at a push on vehicles similar to the Helmets on the F-32.
For tanks etc. AR is very useful and is already implemented at least outside of the US, Elbit has a version of their F-35 helmet for tanks and armored vehicles and the Israelis seem to be happy with the situational awareness they gain.
Or imagine being able to look over a piece of ground and see the location of your people annotated through AR. Or driving a route and seeing your planned route annotated.
Yes please absolutely get this into my hands.
And now your patrol got delayed for some reason so now none of that crap is charged or working anyway. And your glasses or the controller got dislodged during a sprint to cover. Or you need to find the reset button for some reason.
You can have my set. It might be a valuable training tool though.
In general, it seems very unlikely that all of this will work coordinated in battlefield conditions. It would be like pulling off an AR MMORPG, except everyone is carrying their Xbox on their back and running around randomly
The question is how integral can you make this, without retraining everyone for it.
For this to be successful there needs to be a whole generation who is probably 16 or 14 right now, who are used to putting on these headsets and be habituated to moving around in a VR world - wait till they turn 18 and put them on the battlefield at 19.
I'd imagine this is already present in CAG or some other secret division, but we've always seen how it "should work" for friend-or-foe in the Terminator HUD clones[1].
[1] - https://blogs.windows.com/windowsdeveloper/2017/03/06/buildi...
To your concerns, I think they are very valid. Weight, as always, is a primary concern for the infantry. The Hololens2 is not a light system to just wear, let alone with a helmet. Additional issues like battery, signal, and other unforeseens are likely large concerns too.
That said, I think that the ability to quickly and seamlessly integrate all the data that is coming in may have some advantages. Giving warfighters a way to view all the data in real-time is a goal worth spending some money on. The recent Nagorno-Karabakh war has shown that the digital/cyber aspect of war has a likelihood of being a vital factor in future conflicts.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict
My scepticism lies in the fact that bulletproof vests, widely used across different countries, was not an invention of the overfunded military-industrial complex, but an ex marine who hacked it together in the back of his garage with a rusty fork.
I think the immediate use is for training. The Army is big on simulators for all MOS's because it saves resources, reduces training complexity, and reduces risk. Sims such as VBS3, EST, VCOT, UGT are mostly required these days for various purposes. This could even possibly function as a better MILES or replace the fleet of OPFOR vehicle analogues at NTC. So, potentially there is money to be saved while creating more realistic training.
Maybe in a few decades the software stack will be solid enough and the hardware miniaturized enough to use in combat. The similar success story might be the FA's venerable AFATDS, which has been around for decades and very reliably brings rounds on target.
Worst case, it ends up as extra weight for graded positions to carry in RS. ;)
If actually works that’s a bonus.
I think the long term goal is to have something like the XCOM 2 Specialist class.
You want to peek around a corner or under a door, drop a tiny robot. Operate it with a handheld joystick and get a camera feed into your headset while still maintaining your regular field of vision.
Final product won't necessarily take the form of the hololens. Might just be an attachment to whatever standard equipment they have, more like a Google glass.
Imagine Battlefield like HUD for the soldiers, green is friendly, red is adversary. Think of these as a part in an overall sensor fusion and information asymmetry in the field. There are larger initiatives around info fusion across the branches and the real-time access to those who need to know
Something can be a failed national health platform, or toys like this one.
Also, seems like a no-brainer for tankers.
I do not want to carry this shit on a patrol though.
Eventually, a Danger Room anywhere.
When people rant about ridiculous military budgets and spending it isn't about cutting soldiers' salaries but shit like this.
Apparently, training is quite expensive - actually flying planes or firing guns and missiles, especially large ones, is expensive.
I think in an ideal world they would want to just strap soldiers into 'the matrix' and train them for free in a computer. Maybe they are hoping that they can do the cheap parts of the training with AR headsets on, and see the results of what they are doing (firing a very expensive missile at a helicopter target that would burn fuel if real) in simulation?
Traditionally I understand this has been done by shouting 'bang' and pretending a helicopter exploded. Do Hollywood special effects that only they can see actually make soldiers more effective?
Huge military research budgets usually mean that this kind of spending is driven by something like a clinical trial - maybe a 3rd military research contractor trained some soldiers the normal way, and some with VR, and then compared their performance at doing 'the real task'.
This was probably then sold as a cost saving.
Another example is red dot / holographic gun sights.
As an aside, while I agree with you broadly on NVGs, my experience with PVS-7's is that they're basically not much better than naked eyesight (I hope the more modern NVGs are better). The thing that makes NVGs really good is either IR lights or IR lasers.
Companies like Mojo Vision have already built a contact lens prototype that could power “superhuman” traits like this.
Strong disagree.
I would absolutely love to have access to field and barracks VR and AR tech. I think there are many immediate and practical and simple applications.
Even if the tech were super useful and every single soldier got one, that price tag seems absolutely absurd. How can anyone be okay with this?
Now ... is that realistic? haha
Military equipment breaks all the time and it’s not because of poor build quality, it is constantly being put through the most extreme conditions possible. Conditions that are hard to imagine as a civilian.
This is 10x what Facebook paid for Oculus.
I wonder what MSFT showed to them in the demos. I imagine it must have been mindblowing.
Facebook/Occulus likely may not have been technically eligible- Holo lens and Occulus Rift are quite different platforms[1], or less likely Facebook was not interested in the deal[2].
[1] Typical for enterprise contracts, vendors make sure the specs are custom fit for their products before the requirement becomes public, dictating the specs is most desirable way to win a deal as vendor.
[2] Given the size of deal unlikely FB was not interested, perhaps their B2G/B2M sales is not as strong as Microsoft to be able to win a deal this size.
could be worth up to
I suspect those words are doing a lot of heavy lifting
The open ended wording is more likely due to some variability in the services being rendered, for example there could be agreed rate for services with minimum and expected and cap on spends, however the actual value would change during the course of the project, with the quoted value being a reasonable estimate .
They still get to actually sell services after that, though. If you just divide Amazon's original $600 million contract for 10 years for C2S, that's $5 million a month. I can tell you when I was working for a single large program that hadn't even gone into ops yet last year, we were paying over $5 million a month per environment, and we had three environments. That's just a single tenant.
In contrast, this contract for AR HUDs is much more likely just a straightforward charge once, build once order. There's no additional money to be made on the backend selling in app purchases to platoons or add-on services. For JEDI, after building the cloud, Microsoft still gets to actually sell its IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS services on top of that.
They pivoted to building their device for commercial use and had a bunch of military personnel images on their site before.
-- Just did a search and found this Bloomberg article from 2018 about it and it mentions MSFT bidding on the contract as well, so it looks like they tried but MSFT won it.
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-21/magic-lea...
This improvement has seen us hitting the targets like ISIS fighters accurately, rather than flattening the whole city they happened to be in. I'm not in favour of war at all, but as it seems it isn't going away any time soon, more effective and accurate targeting seems to be the way to go.
― Kurt Vonnegut, A Man Without a Country
I imagine what the possibilities would be if we funded general non-military projects with the kind of money that goes into the military.
Trillions have been spent on wars or war preparation, and of course the net result is worsening for humanity. What if instead that money were spend on helping humanity?
Do we really need a conflict to be willing to stand behind an expense?
Now in the case of AR, most of our lives are not lacking because we don't have AR headsets. But there are a lot of workplace (and entertainment) situations where good AR headsets would be beneficial or simply fun. Wouldn't it be great if that were a technology funded for the general benefit of all people?
It is just like social security, medicare etc, some amount is earmarked for a different group.
What we shouldn't assume is that "not spending on military" automatically implies spending on stuff that is actually good for the country.
And what if instead of paying those people to develop weapons, we paid them to develop tech and infrastructure that would provide utility to every day people?
To be more specific, many of the worst people have lived through some truly horrible childhoods (often experiencing war and poverty as a child). Stop the cycle of war and poverty, and then see how naturally malevolent people are.
We have the productivity to afford that; we just have chosen to consolidate it to a relative few.
Let's assume the US would reach this point — how would it look from the inside? Would the downfall happen fast or would it spawn decades? What if we are already in it?
The US could spend half of what it currently spends on the military and still be twice as powerful in terms of military force as the rest of the world combined. I'd argue investing a chunk of that money in domestic infrastructure, healthcare, poverty and a chunk of it in diplomacy would give you a more powerful US in two decades than if you would raise military spending even more.
US taxpayer money is being spent in protecting Saudi Arabia and Pakistan two largest sponsors of all kind of Salafi terrorism all around the world. Most of the terrorists were funded and armed by USA.
Entire south american political instability has USA behind it.
The military is important as a show of force to crazies, but if we diverted a good chunk of the cash that goes to it to raise the standard of living here and abroad then the need for conflict could be minimized.
is so extremely far from
> Life is one big war.
It's an interesting idea to see them in the same post.
"Bad people exist; better prepare for all of humanity to be bad"
Very expensive science projects (such as JWST @ $10BB) also get funded, though they're often pillaged for either pork or increased welfare spending.
Maybe 2011 was just a really bad year for education, but I think you could stand to add citations on what seems like a pretty eyebrow-raising claim, that each of these things blanket "get more money" than the military -- let alone a whole discussion of the spending per user capita on these things and the value they have to society.
Also, the James Web telescope, at $10BB, has been in development for 20+ years, so that's ~$1B/year or less in total expenditures, on a program that's the poster child for massive cost overruns and bungling. If it had been presented as $10B originally, especially as an instantaneous cost, it likely would never have happened.
1 - https://www.businessinsider.com/education-military-spending-...
[1] maybe we are already playing it https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/eXistenZ
There's a German saying that captures the consequence of that thought very well, I think: Soldaten hat man immer im Land, entweder eigene oder fremde (You'll always have soldiers in your country, either your own or foreign ones).
Yes but spending as much as the next 10 countries combined is not needed.
Either way, it's a bit like selling your sister into prostitution but agreeing that you all get some financial benefits. It's not how humanity should progress.
If the US spent a fraction of what it spends literally lighting money on fire with missiles and bombs, I’d bet we’d see a big decline in non-geostrategic hostilities or non-rogue actors (i.e., except for China, Russia, or the Saddam Hussein’s of the world). Terrorist movements arguably win support because of the lack of good government and economic opportunities of the populations they purport to rule.
The worry then becomes how the money is spent, which companies win the contracts (e.g., Buy American provisions), and perceptions of vassal states, but historically, it has been a successful strategy and is similar to what China is doing with its Belt and Road Initiative.
If armed insurgency means the loss of a decent percentage of GDP thru wealth transfer, then it’d lessen some of the incentives and reasons for armed conflicts. It’d also be important to make sure funds are distributed equitably with a country and not under the World Bank model.
The possibility of being invaded and a the invading country stealing all the nice stuff we built instead of defending ourselves. Oh wait, we’ll just call 911 but for countries!
Ukraine for example feels different https://i.insider.com/54ff45afeab8ea38458b4568?width=800&for... . War sucks so best to make sure no one dares to start one with you.
> If you liquidated both Bill Gates & Elon Musk too, you could get to maybe ~180 days
> Throw Zuck into the grinder & you squeeze out another ~45 days
> You’d still need ~$200B+ to finish the year
Source: https://twitter.com/visakanv/status/1291970792293425152
Before the Second World War Lloyd George tried to make love not war with Germany. How did that end up?
Sometimes the bad people are just absolutely intent on fucking you up no matter what and you need to be able to defend yourself.
The popular consensuse after WWI was that ambitious elites had funelled the world into war seeking the glory of a previous age. And in the end, average people paid a terrible cost. Due to their ignorance of the changes in mobilization and military technology they embarked on something frivolous that in previous centuries would've only touched a few but instead created misery across several continents.
There was an intrinsic logical reaction. Most cries for national glory and exceptionalism should be ignored. If there wasn't a direct benefit to the widespread populace, war should be avoided. This reaction is most evidentary in how so many European countries significantly democratized after the war with most monarchies disappearing or being sidelined completely to honorific status.
The lessons of WWI couldn't have been timed any worse (though this doesn't make them wrong). The intent and tyrannay of the axis powers are fairly unique in history (I only know a few as totalitarian, brutal and empirical as they; the Assyrian Empire comes immediatly to mind). Their kind is not common in world history. It was easy to see Hitler as just another would be king who might goad the world into conflict but might also receded if not attended too.
Edit: Bruce Carlson did a fantastic set of podcasts examining Neville Chamberlain's peace efforts. I think you have to pay for access to back episodes of his show now but they are well worth it.
And this is a multi year contract.
It’s a lot of money, but not a huge amount divided across the population. This money likely also generates ancillary US jobs so the cost to tax payers might not be as bad as it sounds.
I'm not into heavy politics. But if you want to argue about job creation, I can bet that spending the above money on infrastructure (like last mile fiber internet) will create multiple magnitudes more jobs/opportunities for the economy than this.
George Washington
Amen.
China is. They are building a new silk road that they will control.
What's our answer? A bomb?
I think not, considering the situation veterans find themselves in.
The US won't stand behind an expense unless there's money to be made from it.
I used to be exactly like this. Republicans being bad faith actors and then asking democrats for unity is a key example to me of why war is inevitable and it's better to have all the power than no power. You cannot convince these people out of their delusions. We share real space, but have two mutually exclusive realities. We can't agree on masks, we can't agree on vaccinations. We can't agree that science is a higher authority than religious leaders. Half of America was almost "dominated" rather than compromised with. Our own cities were referred to as "battlespaces" and our own people were combatants. The democrats tried to make love (compromise) but failed to prepare for war.
Then on the macro scale, I look at situations like China. China has no problem abusing human rights or acting imperialistically. America built business in china. America thought China would democratize, educate their citizens, and improve human rights abuses as its prosperity went up. In reality power was ceded and now we have both less overall peace and an ambitious highly nationalistic enemy with a weak moral system. Unless China deals with Xi and its nationalism, war is likely inevitable.
How many conversations online have you run into where a person's stance is completely unalterable and a mutual understanding cannot be reached? Expand that idea to world politics. Pretend the issue isn't something trivial, but instead global warming or genocide. Who's side ends up being right? The one with more power.
When you live in a moral system that says "do unto others as you would have done to you," it's easy to fall into the idea of make love, not war... But there are many moral systems, competing on the global stage. "Might makes right" is a moral system, "my culture above all others" is a moral system, "I will do anything to feed myself" is a moral system, "everyone should be made 'equal'" is a moral system, "the most effective competitor should win everything" is a moral system, "what my pastor says is the truth" is a moral system, "the emperor is the incarnation of gods will" is a moral system.
You look at all the resources spent on military and ask "what's the opportunity cost." What's the opportunity cost of losing a war? What's the opportunity cost of ceding power? What's the opportunity cost of competing hegemonies?
The prisoners dilemma is a dilemma. Cooperate is not always the best answer, and if you always choose cooperate when your opponent is defecting, you will lose.
Millennials can say goodbye to ever owning a property. Microsoft executives will own all the real estate (thanks to their bonuses coming straight from the government; taxpayer funded) and we can all rent from them. Millennials love it when the government takes away their earning power to subsidize their own slavery.
There is way too much money to be lost.
I think there's room for debate on each contract's potential value to civilians, but at a high level I see so many technologies in our world today that just simply wouldn't exist without the US defense budget. Employee groups like the ones you refer to above have an overly simplistic lens of the world. Even if I think a tech is dubious doesn't mean posterity will always agree.
Did we understand the value of technologies like radar, GPS, ARPANET when they were simply dollar figures getting thrown at military contractors?
[1] yes, I know about global offices and global workforce. But it is still an American company in terms of leadership, culture and values.
And that someone else is an authoritarian, one-party state that has a completely different set of values from the West.
Of course, military efficiency can be made better, but it's super important to keep tabs on the 'enemy,' so to speak. We're in an arms race, whether we like it or not.
What nation should do if another nation decides to impose tariffs on resources that does not belong to them ?
Army is about readiness to use directed violence to stop people/organization/nations taking what does not belong to them, there also support functions related to emergency services in case of natural, technological or other emergency situations.
People who never experienced emergency situations, don't even think about what they would do and how they should they be prepared in case of fire in there own house. State of safety and security processes is taken for granted, unfortunately, by most people.
The voices aren't suppressed at Microsoft, because there're no avenues to raise them anyway.
My understanding was that HoloLens had found usefulness in enterprise settings for applications like machine/vehicle maintenance, quality assurance, repairs, etc. Why would that not be the case here?
Logistics guy wearing a set checking in the latest supply run or flight, looking at a crate brings up the manifest of contents.
Mechanic looking over an engine, overlay brings up blownup diagrams, teardown instructions.
Squad leader can pipe in drone overflight feeds, target air strikes and support fires, etc.
So, it is a bit strage to suggest we should reduce the military, to then fund someone's opinion of a worthy cause. (Yet i fully agree that current military spending is out of control and needs to be reined in massively)
Aside from assumptions made on what is worthy are truly eye of the beholder, what about letting people decide for themselves?
We are willing to explore our altruistic desires first....instead of putting others first.
That's likely why we need a military in the first place.
Out military spending is 3.9% of our GDP. The worldwide average is 2.2%. So we aren't all that far out of line. Also, our military does a lot of humanitarian work (my friend ran a base in Ethiopia for example, and their entire purpose was to build water infrastructure there).
The US is the "world police" in part because it protects the interests of US businesses. Peaceful areas are more likely to engage in international trade. We also do it for self-serving but peaceful reasons -- to extend the soft power of the State Department and aid in their negotiations (like building water infrastructure in Ethiopia).
So I'm not so sure we're that out of line.
"Amateurs talk about tactics, but professionals study logistics." - Gen. Robert H. Barrow, USMC (Commandant of the Marine Corps)
[1] VC funds have a life-cycle of only 10 years. Internet evolution was a 2-3 decades process.
[2] Government can write off a loss of 5-10B. I can't think of any private sector entity with that kind of risk tolerance.
Soldiers who have tried this absolutely love it and can see many places where this literally changes the game.
US Army trials augmented reality goggles for dogs
https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54465361
On the other hand AR has civilians uses. This is just US civil military fusion at work.
I'm not military, so maybe I'm just not seeing it... but what use cases does the Army really care enough about to spend $22B on AR headsets for? I could maybe see a billion here, a billion there... but $22B... on AR headsets seems batshit insane.
Certainly can't imagine soldiers in a firefight keeping them on. Maybe logistics use cases? It was hard enough to find commercial use cases for HoloLens, so I can't even begin to imagine what is important enough to source this kind of hardware.
https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/earphones-may-have-saved-...
???
The 2:00-2:05 (CDT) 5 minute candle for MSFT was a 2% move, that’s not nothing for a 1.77T company lol
The candle low was 234.47 and the candle high was 239.10, this is in a 5 minute span
It is amazing a demo this stupid resulted in a 21 billion windfall for Microsoft. I'm only posting this because this is such a terrible use of taxpayer dollars.
I still can't believe people don't see what's going on. People must be getting dumber.
Not quite the same as actually worth.
(1) US Research Universities. For nearly all the US research universities, a huge fraction of their annual budgets comes from Federally funded research grants via the National Science Foundation (NSF), but, trust me on this, passes Congress and gets signed by the POTUS heavily for US national security, i.e., the US military.
As a result, the teaching is heavily supported by that funding. Else college would cost much more.
Yes, not all the Federal funding is so closely tied to the US military: Since the Members of Congress also like progress in medicine, there is also a lot of funding via the National Institutes of Health for bio-medical research and, thus, support for the research-teaching hospitals.
(2) GPS.
The Global Positioning System (GPS), now heavily used for non-military purposes, was done by the US Air Force (USAF) and built on the work of the earlier system for the US Navy. GPS has been terrific for the US military.
(3) Aircraft Engines.
Aircraft engine development got a big push during WWI and then again during WWII. By the end of WWII, the best piston aircraft engines were mechanical marvels.
But near the end of WWII, both the Germans and the British saw that just for military purposes jet engines would be much better. And the US saw the same: GE had been making turbines for supercharging the piston engines so with their turbine experience moved to make some of the best jet engines.
With an aircraft engine, we use energy from the fuel to generate gas pressure to push mass out the back of the engine. Then the momentem of that mass (momentum is mass m times velocity v) provides force to propel the plane. But the mass moves out with kinetic energy (1/2)mv^2. So, we want to pick a pair, mass m and velocity v, to maximize the momentum for the given energy. Since in energy we pay for velocity v with v^2 but mass m with just m, we should pick the pair to have mass m large and velocity v small. So, going out the back of the engine (from a propeller or a jet) we want lots of mass moving slowly, not a small mass moving quickly.
So, the US military saw this point for, e.g., their big cargo plane the C5A and developed "high bypass jet engines" where the turbine at the back of the engine drives a shaft to drive the compressor but also is used to drive a huge fan at the front of the engine that acts as a propeller in a duct to move huge amounts of cool air around, past (bypass), the engine and out the back. Now essentially all large commercial aircraft have high bypass jet engines -- the cost of jet fuel makes this crucial.
Actually a little before the high bypass development, could also get some of the same benefits with just an aft fan: So, mount a fan, turbine, on the back of the engine. Have the fan blades relatively long so that they extend pass the flow of the hot gas from burning the fuel. Then the hot gas turns the fan and the extended parts of the fan blades push cold air out the back. A GE engine did that early on; the French Dassault FanJet Falcon DA-20 used two of those aft fan engines; and FedEx started with 33 of those planes modified for cargo.
So, net, the jet engines used in commercial airplanes were heavily developed by the US military.
(4) Digital Computers.
So, sure, digital computers got developed in WWII for calculating artillery tables, etc. And after the war the US military was a big customer of digital computers and pushed the computer companies -- IBM, GE, Hewlett-Packard, Univac, Control Data, Systems Engineering Laboratories, etc. -- hard for more powerful computers.
(5) Atomic Power.
We have atomic power for the electric grid and applied nuclear physics more generally due mostly to developments paid for by the US military.
Then it is common for the electronics on spacecraft -- often for science and not specifically for the military -- to be powered by nuclear power.
(6) Radar.
Commercial aviation is massively dependent on radar, and the first developments were for military purposes.
(7) The Hubble Telescope.
We can regard the Hubble telescope as used heavily for non-military science, but in simple terms the Hubble was a US military Keyhole surveillance telescope (supposedly can read car license plate numbers from orbit) but aimed away from the earth.
(8) Rockets.
Rockets are crucial for getting spacecraft into orbit (around the earth, the sun, Mars, etc.) or at escape velocity from the earth, and of course most of rocket development was for military purposes.
(9) Optimization.
Optimization, e.g., linear and non-linear programming, grew out of WWII military logistics efforts by G. Dantzig and others. Then asking for whole number solutions led us to the research on computational complexity and one of the most important research problems today, the question of P versus NP.
(10) The Internet.
Early on the Internet was ARPA-Net, funded by ARPA, the US military's Advanced Research Projects Agency.
(11) The Interstate Highways.
Early on President Eisenhower wanted the Interstate highways as a big contribution to US military logistics, that is, moving supplies and equipment.
Typical blind government praise riddled with misinformation, meaningless platitutdes, and logical falacies.
We credit Newton, but we don't claim that without Newton we wouldn't have force equals mass time acceleration, the law of gravity, what he did with optics, etc.
We credit Einstein for the photo electric effect, Brownian motion as evidence for rapidly moving molecules, special relativity, and general relativity, but we don't claim that without Einstein we would not have those results. Actually, the transformation between coordinate systems in special relativity was from before Einstein, and Poincare had a shot at doing general relativity.
It goes on this way: Generally we credit the first or most successful, etc. without saying that otherwise we wouldn't have the results.
Or, we are grateful for the results when we get them, know that we've got them, and are not at all sure that we would get the results soon from other sources later.
Point: It is appropriate to credit the US military for the 11 examples I gave.
But for more, some of those military projects were big bucks efforts, and non-military funding sources would have been tough to find. So for those projects, we would have to have waited longer and might still be waiting.
For more, the Internet with TCP/IP was not nearly the first digital communications network or even the first nationwide network. E.g., for a nationwide network, IBM had SNA (Systems Network Architecture) and used it to connect all the airports to a central reservation computer. But compared with TCP/IP, SNA was clumsy -- no way could it do much of what TCP/IP is doing now.
> misinformation, meaningless platitutdes, and logical falacies.
Examples?
