I talk about this in more detail, and suggest a book to read about writing, here: https://codewithoutrules.com/2016/06/15/writing-book/
You could call it 'deep learning'.
But you shouldn't ;)
After playing one puzzle game on commutes for a few weeks, I'll find myself almost subconsciously doing the same sort of pattern matching against bricks or tiles or the windows on a high rise. Switch to another game and it becomes a different sort of pattern matching.
The human brain, of course, is a trainable pattern matching engine. Puzzle games are great for giving it a workout and teaching it new classes of patterns. The more casual the game the better. Dots or 2048 or Mah Jong or whatever.