In math a field is a structure with enough properties to be able to do polyoninals, meaning addition and multiplication. If you pick a field appropriately, you end up with some properties that guarantee that this interpolation trick works. If you pick it even more appropriately you can have the elements and operations efficient on computers. Turns out that a Galois Field has all those properties.

Specifically, you start with the base field of integers mod 2 and it turns out addition is xor, and multiplication is and. From that, you can create polynomials. Just like you could create a field by considering a set of elements modulo some prime, if you pick a "prime" polynomial and take the set of polynomials modulo your "prime" polynomial, then you get another field. Prime in this case means irreducible, which means you can't factor it.

So what people do is pick an irreducible polynomial of degree 7 and that maps perfectly to a byte. So for example a byte with bit pattern 01100011 would be the polynomial x^6 + x^5 + x + 1. You can then generate some tables that make multiplication and addition of these elements modulo your irreducible polynomial fast, and then apply this interpolation technique.

Hopefully that helps explain it. I was a little loose with terms and details so some stuff might be wrong.