Does V8 compile to a bytecode similar to Java?AFAIK, not any remotely standardized bytecode, no. Of course, there are some data structures in between the strings of characters and the native code, but I don't think there's any talk of guaranteeing anything that would warrant calling them "byte code".
Aside: Lars Bak is the lead developer on V8, and was the lead on HotSpot - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Bak_(computer_programmer)