Atlas is an application that glues together four different projects by Hashicorp: Packer, Vagrant, Terraform and Consul.
Packer creates virtual machine images (also has Docker support). Vagrant will create, provision and run them for you (so a bit of overlap with Packer there). Terraform is basically a platform agnostic version of Amazon CloudFormation (create and manage infrastructure via configuration). Consul is a service discovery solution.
All of these tools used in conjunction can help you set up a machine, or a cluster of machines, on any supported provider, that will run your application images, all from a set of configuration files. More importantly, changes to your infrastructure and application environment are now a matter of editing configuration.
Atlas places a UI in front of these tools and allows you to execute commands and monitor their status.