Inside the Intel 1405: die photos of a shift register memory from 1970 (opens in new tab)

No. Chemicals are different, structures are different, design is different (cmos), etching equipment is different. I am at a loss to name a recognizable thing.

No, simply no.

ICs are made of monocrystalline silicon, not polysilicon. There have been massive efforts to understand how to make it cleaner (internal gettering) and how to get wafer mechanics under control (Nitrogen doping). That does not even touch the changes in production technology to go from 10 mm Wafers to 300 mm Wafers. (You just make them larger, right...)

A lot of new concepts and materials have been introduced to ICs during the last decades. Especially since the 130 nm ground rule, lithography has not been the main limiter. Examples: Copper, Tungsten, Diffusion barriers, Silicide, Strained Silicon, High-k, metal gates, finfet, 3d integration etc...

The transistors used today are very different from the transistors used back then, not just in size but also in structure and materials. The silicon die is pretty much the only part of the system that has stayed the same -- everything else has been changed, one part at a time.

You probably said "polysilicon" because this chip has some polysilicon deposited on top.

I don't know much about it myself, so I'm not the right person to ask. Much of the little I do know came from reading http://designinganalogchips.com/, a book by Hans Camenzind, one of the all-time great sandbenders.