Actually one has to register as a Local Internet Registry with the local monopoly RIR, such as ARIN or RIPE. Only they can request blocks from IANA, which they then allocate to LIRs in exchange for non-trivial membership fees.
Fees in the order of 3,000EUR to join and not much less on a recurring annual basis:
http://www.ripe.net/lir-services/member-support/become-a-mem...
Unfortunately since the ITU proposal for a non-geographic RIR faded some years ago there is no competition in this space, as the existing RIRs refuse to service cross-geography requests.