What library is missing the symbols? You may be able to tell by the stack trace. You should get symbols for something at least before it's lost. Examine that frame to see what it's doing. Linking some non-debug library w/ a debug executable just means that gdb won't display the symbols when it enters code for that library. But if your addons are built with -g you'll get the symbols for the addon before it starts calling the other library it is using.

Btw, people often write javascript wrappers that manually refer to the build/Release/.node version instead of the debug version (which will get added to build/Debug/.node). Check that first.

Even if you are using dynamically linked libraries (like the zmq addon does), you can always build debug versions of those to get all of the symbols (try CFLAGS=-g when ./configure).