An example: Java Maven artifacts typically name the exact version of their dependencies. They rarely write "1.2.3 or any newer version in the 1.2.x series", as is the de-facto standard in NPM dependencies. Therefore, it's up to each dependency-user to validate newer versions of dependencies before publishing a new version of their own package. Lots of manual attention needed, so a slower pace of releases. This is a good thing!

Another example: all Debian packages are published to unstable, but cannot enter testing for at least 2-10 days, and also have to meet a slew of conditions, including that they can be and are built for all supported architectures, and that they don't cause themselves or anything else to become uninstallable. This allows for the most egregious bugs to be spotted before anyone not directly developing Debian starts using it.

Other languages seem to publish dependencies as self-contained packages whose installation does not require running arbitrary shell scripts.

This does not prevent said package from shipping with malware built in, but it does prevent arbitrary shell execution on install and therefore automated worm-like propagation.

You have separate people called "maintainers", and they're the ones who build and upload packages to the repository. Crucially, they're not the people who write the software. You know, like Linux has been doing since forever. https://wiki.debian.org/DebianMaintainer Instead of treating your package repository like a trash can at a music festival, you can treat it more like a museum, curated by experts. Unfortunately, this isn't quite the devil-may-care attitude the Node ecosystem is so accustomed to, and will be met with a lot of whining, so it never happens. See y'all in two weeks when this happens again.

Build packages from source without any binaries (all the way down) and socially audit the source before building.

https://bootstrappable.org/ https://reproducible-builds.org/ https://github.com/crev-dev

The same way it always has been done - vendor your deps.

I think some system would need to dynamically analyze the code (as it runs) and record what it does. Even then, that may not catch all malicious activity. It's sort of hard to define what malicious activity is. Any file read or network conn could, in theory, be malicious.

As a SW developer, you may be able to limit the damage from these attacks by using a MAC (like SELinux or Tomoyo) to ensure that your node app cannot read secrets that it is not intended to read, conns that it should not make, etc. and log attempts to do those things.

You could also reduce your use of external packages. Until slowly, over time you have very little external dependencies.

Other than general security practices, here are few NPM ecosystem specific ones: https://github.com/bodadotsh/npm-security-best-practices

Hire an antivirus company to provide a safe and verified feed of packages. Use ML and automatic scanners to send packages to manual review. While Halting problem prevents us from 100% reliably detecting malware, at least we can block everything suspicious.