Linux capabilities have a hook in the Linux Security Module (LSM) system, so you can write an LSM module to do whatever centralized management system you want.

The only LSM I have much experience is SELinux, which capabilities directly as SELinux permissions. I imagine most other general purpose LSMs do simmilar.

I could imagine an LSM that implements a policy of allowing capabilties based on UID/GID; although I'm not aware of any current LSMs that do that.