- parking mandates that push everything very far apart because parking takes up a lot of space
- zoning restrictions that necessitate distant travel because your home is in a different sector of the city as your place of work, the grocery store, and places of leisure
- the disassembly of public transport systems after the war
- street design that makes it simply dangerous to travel on foot or on a bicycle, and extremely slow, because cars receive priority at all junctions
etc. etc.