In fact, Japan already has this in the form of "My Number Card". You go to a webpage, the webpage says "scan this QR code, touch your phone to your ID card, and type in your pin code", and doing that is enough to prove the the website that you're a human. You can choose to share name/birthday/address, and it's possible to only share a subset.
Robots do not get issued these cards. The government verifies your human-ness when they issue them. Any site can use this system, not just government sites.