The basic concept plus a lot of money spent on compute and training data gets you pretraining. After that to get a really good model there’s a lot more fine-tuning / RL steps that companies are pretty secretive about. That is where the “smart decisions” and knowledge gained by training previous generations of sota models comes in.

We’d probably see more companies training their own models if it was cheaper, for sure. Maybe some of them would do very well. But even having a lot of money to throw at this doesn’t guarantee success, e.g. Meta’s Llama 4 was a big disappointment.

That said, it’s not impossible to catch up to close to state-of-the-art, as Deepseek showed.

Why are there so few people in the world able to run 100m in sub 10s?

The basic concept is out there: run very fast.

Lots of people running every day who could be poached. No shortage of those I assume.

Good running shoes still seem the most important to me.

1. Cost to hire is now prohibitive. You're competing against companies like Meta paying tens of millions for top talent.

2. Cost to train is also prohibitive. Grok data centre has 200,000 H100 Graphics cards. Impossible for a startup to compete with this.

Because it’s not about “who can do it”, it’s about “who can do it the best”.

It’s the difference between running a marathon (impressive) and winning a marathon (here’s a giant sponsorship check).

There are plenty of people theoretically capable of doing this, I secretly believe some of the most talented people in this space are randos posting on /r/LocalLlama.

But the truth is to have experience building models at this scale requires working at a high level job at a major FAANG/LLM provider. Building what Meta needs is not something you can do in your basement.

The reality is the set of people who really understand this stuff and have experience working on it at scale is very, very small. And the people in this space are already paid very well.

It's a staggeringly bad deal. It's a hugely expensive task where unless you are the literal best in the world, you would never even see any usage. And even for those who are BOTH best and well known they have to be willing to lose billions on repeat with no end in sight.

It's very very rare to have winner takes all to such an extreme degree as code llm models

I'd recommend reading some of the papers on what it takes to actually train a proper foundation model, such as the Llama 3 Herd of Models paper. It is a deeply sophisticated process.

Coding startups also try to fine-tune OSS models to their own ends. But this is also very difficult, and usually just done as a cost optimization, not as a way to get better functionality.

You need a person that can hit the ground running. Compute for LLM is extremely capital intensive and you’re always racing against time. Missing performance targets can mean life or death of the company.

It's both hard AND expensive.