For instance, I've seen somebody experiment with Glaze (the image AI version of this). Glaze at high levels produces visible artifacts (see middle image: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FrbJ9ZTacAAWQQn.jpg:large ).
It seems some models ignore it and produce mostly clean images on the output (looking like the last image), while others just interpret is as a texture, the character is just wearing a funny patterned shirt. This is while the intended result is fooling the model to generate something other than the intended character.