TeVeS is definitely interesting, but it still has problems like you said. AFAICT gravitational wave observations are particularly bad for TeVeS theories. TeVeS isn't dead, but if dark matter theories are criticized for being patched up post-hoc, that standard should also apply to modified gravity.
For the fields to be considered particles, they have to be freely propagating in space. TeVeS adds a vector field, a scalar field, and some lagrange fields that are part of their coupling. The degrees of freedom aren't consistent with one or more particles.
