What exactly is it Bechtel and friends struggling with? The OIG document doesn't answer this in a way I can understand.
This creates uncertainties, distractions and perverse incentives all around:
0. Everything is dramatically complicated by the artificial divisions of work across states needed to get enough political support. Grossly inefficient from the start, and inflexible into perpetuity.
1. Initial schedules are incentivized to be unrealistic, and not reflective of hard analysis/planning, in order to get funding. Easier to deal with the real details and expand schedules later, even though nobody wants that to be the process.
2. Essentially a cost plus (or cost even) program. There is no hard limit on cost, since the further along a project is, the easier it is to raise its budget, especially along with schedule delays.
3. Creativity flows to the most basic constraint. The most basic constraint is political will to fund, so top level attention goes to managing/manipulating up.
When NASA's hard constraint was time (getting to the moon first), creativity went there. They were never cheap, but they did operate with incredible speed.
Whereas any private company's basic constraints are relative profitability in terms of net return in a given time frame, so creativity goes to both speed and cost.
4. Boeing and other traditional large NASA contractors operated for decades under NASA's politically driven, cost plus umbrella, so continue to suffer from, and reinforce, NASA's problems.
This culture is hard to break, even after switching to a flat cost (still time flexible) regime. See recent Boeing troubles. Not just throw away rockets, but a much delayed, over budget, wonky one-way manned spaceship!! Ouch!
This is really the only problem.
Because the government was the only buyer - no one in their right mind would supply unless a ridiculously cushy contract is in place.
You're going to massively overpay if you're the only buyer in a new industry that requires insane CapEx and is high risk.
This is the truth, and while you could frame it as a negative, I see it as a huge positive.
Because NASA has been subsidizing space for decades the US has a tremendous among of trained workers for aero-space. It was exactly that workforce that venture-capital based space industry was able to source talent from. I doubt spaceX would have been possible without NASA dumping billions into boondoggles. Now it is self-reinforcing. NASA trained talent for/funds industry, industry now trains talent for/supplies NASA. Space economy the easy way, just costs a few hundred billion bootstrap it.
Can you or somebody elaborate on this? Is there an idea or a terminology or something I can read more about this? I'm very interested in the idea that you can pay attention to where the "smart kids" are going, to help identify where the most basic constraint is. I'm also interested in what the word "basic" means here. I'm familiar with the theory of constraints and the idea of bottlenecks. But that doesn't seem like what this is getting after. Thanks!
Actually, they were good, fast, and pretty cheap. The Saturn V cost per kg was much something around $5000/kg (compared to Delta IV Heavy at around $12000 kg), and could send a ton more into orbit than anything until Starship. If we'd continued down that development line instead of the insanity of the Shuttle, we'd really be somewhere today.
And when a real challenger arises, you just have to hope that you can discard the old establishment and replace it with something capable of delivering before it's too late.
NASA is first and foremost about prestige (even above science IMO. This is also - again my opinion - why NASA hasn't been back to the moon in 50 years. There's little prestige to be gained for an expensive operation). With prestige as the backdrop, it makes them very risk adverse. There are layers and layers of requirements made to reduce risk. To their credit, SpaceX is willing to fail more than NASA and it allows them to iterate much faster.
This is also my opinion part of the reasons why NASA wanted the CCP to begin with: it allows them to skirt many of the requirements. The somewhat ironic part is that NASA pathways to alleviate those requirements, but it's somewhat common that project/programs want to go through the waiver process and formerly accept that risk.
There is a fairly well-known dynamic in govt contracting where a contractor low-bids to get the contract and then makes money on change-orders. If they were to accurately bid on all the NASA requirements, they risk their bid being so high they would never be awarded the contract. This is a similar dynamic to the traditional cost-plus contracting paradigm.
There is also some irony in that SpaceX may be the victims of the same dynamic. As failure occur, they may layer on more requirements that ultimately slow the process down (see the supplier quality issues related to an F9 strut failure). Given enough time, there is a risk that added requirements turn them into the dinosaurs they are replacing.
Also, as others have brought up, NASA has additional requirements they must manage (e.g., political risk) that SpaceX has less exposure to.
This doesn't appear to be the issue with ML-2, whose problems are closer to Boeing's subcontracting addiction than e.g. the F-35's sticker-collection approach to manufacturing.
Major beneficiaries are the states of Florida, Mississippi, and Alabama (Huntsville) but there are beneficiaries all over the place. Classical DoD/NASA contractors know to locate facilities all over the country to maximize political capital via connection to local jobs in many jurisdictions.
Meanwhile SpaceX got reusable first stages into production, and recently got the world's largest-ever rocket to orbit and attempted to land the second stage. And it's all powered by newly designed engines that significantly advance the state of the art.
Some of it is reasonable. Covid threw a spanner in schedules and increased costs due to a rise in price levels. Some is from design changes due to new information, e.g. "during launch, the SLS generates exhaust blast plume pressure, random vibration, vibration from acoustics, and heat. These loads can cause damage to the launch vehicle, payload, launch pad, and surrounding structures. After the Artemis I launch, NASA found higher-than-expected thermal, acoustic, and blast loads to the ML-1. ML-2 project management is assessing these lessons learned from Artemis I and anticipates the ML-2 structure will require some additional strengthening to withstand the predicted loads" [1].
A lot of it, however, is laughably-incompetent cost-plus subcontracting nonsense: "While Bechtel revised its IFCs in response to the RFIs, according to ML-2 project management, the company did not allot sufficient time in its schedule to do so, and this iterative process resulted in cost increases and schedule delays. In mid-2023, ML-2 project management found the delays in steel fabrication and delivery resulted in a 3-month schedule slip, leaving Bechtel with no additional schedule reserve to meet the May 2026 contract end date.
...
In mid-2021, ML-2 project management noted that Bechtel’s 'interactions and business relationship with the steel fabricator deteriorated to the point of dysfunction,' resulting in unresolved fabrication issues that impacted the ML-2 project’s critical path. Bechtel’s lack of awareness and oversight of critical second-tier subcontractors responsible for steel fabrication contributed to a delayed construction start date. One subcontractor, which Bechtel allocated approximately 46 percent of the fabrication work to, sold all of its shop space to a non-NASA customer because Bechtel's steel fabrication plan lacked a signed contract with the subcontractor. As a result, Bechtel attempted to find another subcontractor with available shop space but was unable to do so in a timely manner. The delay in the steel fabrication process continued to impact the ML-2 project’s schedule" (pp 18).
[1] https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ig-24-016.pd... page 20
A lot of Artemis is dictated to NASA by the Congress. Look at NASA's deep science missions, e.g. landers, probes and telescopes. They're ridiculously advanced, creative and cost effective for the amount of science they deliver.
fun fact...its part of the legal boilerplate astronauts sign...
It's frequently called the "Shuttle Launch System" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle-derived_vehicle) because "it uses existing Shuttle tech!" was one of the big selling points.
In the last test flight, Starship reached a velocity of 7.3km/s. Orbital velocity is 7.8km/s.
Why didn't they make it to 7.8km/s? Because they choose not to. Starship had the fuel, control and capability to burn a few more seconds for another 500m/s.
It also (barely) survived re-entry and achieved a fully controlled, powered, soft splashdown.
The contractor is Bechtel.
Note, the Senate Launch System is already a huge success: money was transferred from the taxpayer to the contractors as a "jobs program". It doesn't matter if anything flies.
> NASA intends to keep Bechtel accountable to the cost and schedule agreed to in December 2023.
It's mind boggling how they heck is Bechtel qualified to handle this project? Bechtel is at the center of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochabamba_Water_War / https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/bechtel-battles-against-.... Talk about an agency that supposedly cares to look progressive and caring for the environment. Then they pick Bechtel as their contractor for the SLS.
> We also found that Bechtel’s performance drove the significant cost increases and schedule delays to the design and development of the ML-2. The current contract value of $1.1 billion includes $594 million of Bechtel overruns
Shouldn't somebody there fire Bechtel. I guess that significantly reduces your chance of retiring at Bechtel after leaving your NASA job...
This means cancelling Artemis II.
I honestly would love to know how much money is 'wasted' by NASA because of these companies that seem to, over promise and then need a lot more money.
And I don't say wasted because I think that the money spent at NASA is not worthwhile. But how much else could be done if that money could be spent elsewhere or at the very least be properly estimated in the beginning so it could have been planned for. That money is (I assume) going to come at the cost of something else.
I really don't love the idea of SpaceX not having a serious competition. But... they kinda don't right now anyways it seems. I really hope we have another company step up to be anywhere near what they are doing.
You've truly achieved wealth when even people you don't like and don't like you in return depend on your shit to stay alive!
Both sides in the Ukraine War are using "irregular" Starlink dishes.
* Russia is reportedly buying dishes (and the service attached to the dishes) in the Middle East.
* Ukraine has its own fleet of dishes (being paid for by the US, after Musk initially provided free service early in the war after a Ukrainian request), but also many individual dishes that were donated, and being paid for, by private individuals outside Ukraine.
US law prohibits Russia from using Starlink. The problem is, how to stop Russia from doing so? A simple location-based ban won't work, because the front line is constantly shifting. Whitelisting only Ukraine's own dishes to work within Ukrainian territory might work, but 1) what about dishes that get captured by Russia? 2) As noted, what about all the privately paid-for dishes?
Another way to think about this is that this demonstrates just how lifesaving for Ukraine Starlink has become in the past two years. Ukraine could ask Starlink to disable all dishes within its territory. On the contrary, it has decided that the benefits of Starlink to Ukrainians outweighs Russians also benefiting from it.
I actually do think that more than one US-based provider of space launch systems is something important, but it's wild to me that mature US launch systems can basically be cleanly divided into "companies trying to sell the same technology to the government for the fifth time over fifty years" and "SpaceX."
The current SLS can send about 27,000kg to TLI, and block 2 is expected to send between 43,000kg and 47,000kg to TLI.
Could the Falcon Heavy be used on a multi-part moon mission? No doubt, but it's not in the same weight class as SLS.
A moon rocket for 2.7B would be a steal. This is just for a mostly static steel tower (on a mobile carrier?) that holds the rocket up and provides some piping etc to the rocket before launch.
The mobile carrier is not included in the price AFAIK, but not sure.
It is carried around by one of the two existing crawler-transporters, which moves it between the VAB where the rocket is built and the launch pad.
