Not to the same extent. Neovim has extensive Lua support, to the point where you can do _almost_ anything in Lua, whereas in Vim, it's, AFAIK, a second-class citizen. For example, my nvim config is written entirely in Lua with no vimscript files, except for a few vim.cmd's that run one-line vimscript commands. (exactly three, and they're all highlighting/colorscheme–related).
I believe you can do the same in vim, however I agree that there is more friction in vim because Lua is not the main scripting language. Moreover, vim is not guaranteed to be compiled with Lua, so you only want to do this if you can control the installation of the vim binaries.
