XP->Vista alone brought a bunch of huge changes that massively improved security (UAC), capability (64 bit desktops), and future-proofing (UEFI) among many many other things.
Some helpful Wikipedia editors have answered this question in excessive detail, so I'm just going to link those for more info. Also I'm going to start with what XP changed from 2003 both because it makes a good comparison and I'd argue 2000/NT 5.0 is the root of the modern Windows era. Your next sentence after the quote implies you probably won't have a problem with that.
* XP/2003: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_XP
* 2003R2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2003#Windows_Se...
* Vista: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_Vista
* 2008: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008#Features
* 7: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_7
* 2008R2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2#New_fea...
* 8: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_8
* 2012: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012#Features
* 8.1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8.1#New_and_changed_fe...
* 2012R2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2#Feature...
* 10: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_10
* 2016: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2016#Features
* 2019: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2019#Features
* 2022: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2022#Features
* 11: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11
* 2025: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/get-started...
Obviously some of this will be "fluff" and that's up to your own personal definitions, but to act like there haven't been significant changes in every major revision is just nonsense.