Some operations that don't cause a task switch to another virtual thread are:

- If you've called into a native library and back into Java that then blocks. In practice this never happens because Java code doesn't rely on native libraries or frameworks that much and when it does happen it's nearly always in-and-out quickly without callbacks. This can't be fixed by the JVM, however.

- File IO. No fundamental problem here, it can be fixed, it's just that not so many programs need tens of thousands of threads doing async file IO.

- If you're holding a lock using 'synchronized'. No fundamental problem here, it's just annoying because of how HotSpot is implemented. They're fixing this at the moment.

In practice it's mostly the last one that causes issues in real apps. It's not hard to work around, and eventually those workarounds won't be needed anymore.