e.g. throttle your network and upvote a hn comment. you're not sitting there waiting with a spinner while the server responds, it's all in the background.
the hn implementation isn't great though - if the upvote request fails, the optimistic update isn't rolled back, and you have no knowledge that it failed. for hn, who cares, it's just a lost upvote, but for most modern web apps you would show the user that the action failed