In Haskell this should be "easy" to do using monads. You would have a process monad and an atomic monad (using Linux terminology). The operation to lock a sleeping mutex would live in the process monad. It would be possible to lift an atomic computation into process context (disabling interrupts) but not the other way around.

I don't think rust has such a concept of different computation contexts (does it?)

Of course Haskell may not be the most suitable kernel implementation language for other reasons...

You would probably need to pass around a context type that encodes information about the current context and which interrupts are possible. You would then acquire the lock via that context, which would handle disabling those interrupts.