In the screenshot for the article you can see that the LLM says it is "Searching for: carl zimmer article on the oldest DNA". That, and what I know about how LLMs work, suggest to me that rather than the article being stored inside the trained LLM it was instead downloaded in response to the question. So the fact that the system is providing the full text of the article doesn't really go to whether training the LLM is a transformative use or not.

That's not what "transformative" means for copyright.

It's more like, is the new work a distinct expression, e.g. satire or commentary, based on the original.

You can reproduce the original verbatim and still be transformative by adding an element of critique.

Example: https://www.dmca.com/articles/akilah-obviously-vs-sargon-of-...