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The types of issues you're enumerating are really part of a learning curve that every language and environment will have.They're not though. That's why excellent coders often despise having to learn and use SQL, and basically just refuse to. SQL is uniquely terrible -- and I say this as someone with a career spanning from Win32 C++ to every major web technology.
> every major database will have some percentile functions
MySQL still doesn't. MariaDB only added it in 2018, and I've been writing queries for a lot longer than that. (And MySQL only added window functions in 2018 as well.)
And remember that, for various reasons, you're often (usually?) stuck using a database engine in production that's several years old, since upgrading a database engine is not something to be taken lightly.