>iirc he could still have pulled out by paying "only" a couple billion dollars in fines or something.
He couldn't have. That clause protected Twitter, not him. It ensured Twitter would still get something in case outside forces, like government regulators or financing falling through, prevented the deal. It did not give Musk the right to pay a penalty and back out.
Twitter explicitly reserved the right to sue for specific performance, i.e. to force the deal through rather than merely getting damages. Musk explicitly signed away any rights to investigate or back out. Twitter was honest and forthright so any fraud claims were nonsense. Musk didn't have a leg to stand on, legally or factually.
The most he could have done was tie things up in court. But the courts can throw out bad-faith lawsuits pretty quickly.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/11/business/dealbook/elon-mu...
The other guy you're talking to is being a dick. There was a concerted disinformation campaign from Musk and friends, and the papers were not willing enough to call "bullshit" on the front page. The truth was out there but hardly staring you in the face.
But hedge funds have teams of lawyers reading this stuff all day long. They have no excuse for not seeing through Musk's chicanery.