Started with the publishing of "Modern C++ Design" from Andrei Alexandrescu in 2001.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_C%2B%2B_Design
When ISO C++11 came to be, many re-used the term to mean C++11 or higher.
Given that many keep updating this to mean more modern versions, a well known developer in the community (Tony Van Eerd) has made the joke of that by C++17 time we were in Postmodern C++.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTLn3goa3A8
No idea what kind of modernism to call C++23, when C++17 was already postmodern, maybe Revivalist C++.
However it basically comes back to Andrei Alexandrescu's original ideas of programming in C++ as its own language, leave the C ways and pitfalls of resource management behind, learn to embrace a modern language for systems programming.
I should also note that there are developers against this philosophy, they advocate that the C++ as understood by CFront is what one should care about, thus Orthodox C++ movement was born.