If cookies are mentioned then should mention: file save api, indexdb, local storage.
Also another way is to integrate with dropbox, onedrive, google drive etc. There is also an open source project called remotestorage but traction seems low.
Vercel:You can also get up to some tricks using fetch caching and ISR to get a little free storage for “cache-like” things.
Stuff you got from APIs for example. It is very limited but can be useful.
Funny, I actually tried finding tricks exploiting the cache from Vercel, but it didn't work. Initially I thought I could find a way to use it to share data across users, but nothing worked. Do you have any links to resources that could help getting a datastore from the Vercel cache?
I will try adding things you mentioned, and I'd love to find way to also have stupidly complex/convoluted storage systems, inspired by tom7's harder drives: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcJSW7Rprio