I mean there's Milton Friedman's 2005 paper [1] that provides a visual argument. Then I'd recommend reading this interview [2] with an empirical macroeconomist, and I think it's pretty clear that nowadays any serious economic argument has to be data driven [3] with a corresponding statistical treatment. (At worst low-complexity simulated data. And in the linked paper they are basically using a regression model to estimate the treatment effect. And on page 23 of the document [26 in PDF pages] you can see the "interest rate to GDP and inflation" response curves, and then later they present an absurd amount of additional graphs too.)

Aaand of course the picture that seems to present itself is that "it's not that simple". In this [4] 2022 paper the argument is that it makes sense to consider low- and high-inflation states, because their behavior seems to be significantly different, hence it's important to apply different monetary interventions. (The many graphs paper has a whole chapter on state dependence.) That said, on page 61 they also include a response curve that might interest you on empirical effectiveness of interest rate based monetary policy.

[1] https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/08953300577519678...

[2] https://noahpinion.substack.com/p/interview-emi-nakamura-mac...

[3] https://www.frbsf.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/wp2017-02.p...

[4] https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2023/03/POV...