In my opinion, you are looking at the problem from the wrong angle. If code gets worse (non working) after a code review, the reviewer made some serious mistakes and/or was not guiding his colleague to the correct solution like it should be. Also if working code gets rejected because of bad practice, you should not be mad about it but be thankful that someone caught that before release. If your only measurement of code quality, is that something is working, I would consider that a dangerous practice.
Concretely, a heuristic I rely on is to understand whether the sub-par code being added "infects" the code base e.g. it changes an important interface, it adds a poorly designed interface other code will rely on etc. These are the places its important to put your foot down. Conversely, if the internals of a one-off function or class could be a little cleaner... eh, ship it.
Holy shit. I should have just written this.
I'm really confused as to why there are so many people assuming I don't give a shit about quality when I have CODE REVIEWS.
Why are you assuming I want them all to just be rubber stamps?
And what God Complex do you have to have that you assume the "senior developer" is ALWAYS in the right, and the junior and the "non-technical" manager just don't respect "quality" at all?
'It works - why don't we just merge it? Keep velocity high!'
A code review is exactly where it's worth spending time making sure: the code is maintainable, doesn't degrade the quality of the repo, and above all teaches the junior things they can use next time to do a better job faster.
Spending some time using a review as a teaching experience pays so many dividends later. People who don't touch the code don't understand that.
Of course, there's a level of 'good enough' a senior should be able to identify and approve. But the bar should be high.
Because code reviews are a minimum. This is like saying "Why are there so many people assuming I don't give a shit about driving safety, I put on my seatbelt!" Yeah, it's because you're driving rashly and putting others at risk. Just putting on a seatbelt isn't the be-all and end-all of the process.
If you want to know, the reason that people are assuming you don't give a shit about quality are your sprint-centric attitude, your putting the word 'senior engineer' in double quotes, and the talk about "well if the PR was working then it should ship".
This gives off an impression of someone who doesn't understand at a fundamental level that the process of code reviews and have the contribute to learning on the team is is what makes for quality in the long run, not just the mere fact of having them.
Of course, it's quite possible you are the reasonable party here and your senior engineers are curmudgeons. In that case, have you tried talking to them about it? What did they say? Your complaint here seems to indicate that this hasn't happened yet.
Given a senior developer, a junior developer, and a non-technical manager, in the context of a code review, the vast majority of the time you should absolutely listen to the senior developer.
If that's not true in your organization, then hiring, leveling, and leadership should all be questioned.
Having code reviews is an incredibly low bar. The very fact that you offer this as an evidence might be the reason people make those assumptions.