It is not really C, it is the underlying hardware. C is just portable assembly language.
If I recall correctly, MIPS64 would fault on integer overflow, but I did not find a reference saying that after a quick search.
The RISC-V team at Berkeley took this feature out.
The famous example among software correctness people is the lack of detecting integer overflow leading to the Ariane 5 rocket disaster, although this seems to have perhaps been more complex than just an integer overflow:
https://www.bugsnag.com/blog/bug-day-ariane-5-disaster
What went wrong?
The fault was quickly identified as a software bug in the rocket’s Inertial Reference System. The rocket used this system to determine whether it was pointing up or down, which is formally known as the horizontal bias, or informally as a BH value. This value was represented by a 64-bit floating variable, which was perfectly adequate.
However, problems began to occur when the software attempted to stuff this 64-bit variable, which can represent billions of potential values, into a 16-bit integer, which can only represent 65,535 potential values. For the first few seconds of flight, the rocket’s acceleration was low, so the conversion between these two values was successful. However, as the rocket’s velocity increased, the 64-bit variable exceeded 65k, and became too large to fit in a 16-bit variable. It was at this point that the processor encountered an operand error, and populated the BH variable with a diagnostic value.
