Yes, CKEditor accepts Markdown input thanks to a customizable autoformatting feature:
https://ckeditor.com/docs/ckeditor5/latest/features/autoform...
This allows users to employ all the familiar shortcodes on the go. It's basically the user's choice whether to type in Markdown or use the rich-text formatting buttons.
Additionally, it's possible to switch the default CKEditor 5 output from HTML to Markdown:
https://ckeditor.com/docs/ckeditor5/latest/features/markdown...