The optical sensors are just a small part of the human (and animal in general) vision system. A much bigger component is our innate (evolutionarily acquired) understanding of basic mechanics, simple agent theory, and object recognition.

When we look at the road, we recognize stuff in the images we get as objects, and then most of the work is done by us applying basic logic in terms of those objects - that car is off the side of the road so it's stationary; that color change is due to a police light, not a change in the composition of objects; that small blob is a normal-size far-away car, not a small and near car; that thing on the road is a shadow, not a car, since I can tell that the overpass is casting it and it aligns with other shadows.

All of these things are not relying on optics for interpreting the received image (though effects such as parallax do play a role as well, it is actually quite minimal), they are interpreting the image at a slightly higher level of abstraction by applying some assumptions and heuristics that evolution has "found".

Without these assumptions, there simply isn't enough information in an image, even with the best possible camera, to interpret the needed details.