The second is misdirected money supply which steers money towards sweatable assets like property and stock ownership, and away from productive investment, original invention and research, and small business creation.
Effectively this causes an internal supply shock which raises the prices of the sweatable assets for the ownership class and impoverishes everyone else, to the point where essentials like housing become unaffordable and demand starts to seize up. Small businesses are forced to close rather than being encouraged to open.
Inflation has very little to do with money velocity, interest rates, unemployment, wage rises, or any of that other supply side nonsense.