It would have been much more interesting to have ladybird written in plain and simple C (with the right compile-time and runtime function tables and NOT compiling with only gcc or clang). Maybe it is not too late to fix that.
That said the real core of the pb, is the "javascript-ed" web itself, bazillions (if not all) of critical online services should work with noscript/basic (x)html browsers.
QuickJS shows that the issue is actually the "javascript-ed" webengine and the c++ language, not solo "javascript".