On the JVM: I'd say yes.
Scala, Groovy, Jython, JRuby, and what not came and went.
I'd say Clojure is the third, and it take a nice place in the design space.
But Kotlin to me is so close to Java that it is basically Java 2.0: the Java that Java cannot be due to intended organizational slowness.
> Python is one of Java's main competitors, and when it comes to teaching a first language it is the main competitor.
Yes it probably is. The changes outlines in the article are not going to help here I'm afraid.
But I'm weird. I'd say the best lang without static typing for noobs is a LISP (so that every student is likely equally confused). When learning a language with types go for Rust or Idris. All not exactly competitors of Java :)