There is a massive corpus of research on this that I think you’re unaware of. Start with the Snowden leaks and work your way back.
Since I can’t reply to below, the general approach of “I don’t know about this so it must not exist and I won’t research” is very backward if you’re in a PhD program.
I get what you’re getting at. Google just builds the technology, the rest is up to the users.
That said, re: Snowden, IC piggybacked off Google cookies and direct taps into Google infra (PRISM). Email, chat, videos, photos, stored data, file transfers, logins, all tracked.
The classic approach from tech until recently is what I said above - we just build it! That didn’t work well for the cigarette companies.
In other words, it is difficult to convince people that they are doing wrong/causing wrong when their research and pay is dependent on not believing they are.