Nope. One of the few use cases where I actually looked towards Google Takeout as an escape hatch for my data, instead of a mere novelty ("a ZIP of all my YouTube interactions—that's neat, I guess"), but Google Podcasts is not there. I've filed several complaints about this and several other shortcomings in response to the Google Podcasts app's spammy notifications requesting feedback.
I ended up writing a short set of procedures to follow (an SOP—written like a software manual, really) that walks you through how to select page elements that are shown on screen while logged in, and then drag and drop them from the podcasts.google.com tab into the "export tool". The punchline is that the export tool is just the SOP document itself. It's meant to be read in your browser, and it takes advantage of the fact that the browser also happens to be a universal runtime...
The exporter will descramble the links and output your subscriptions in text/uri-list format.
