In urban Europe (the one I'm familiar with, at least), I find public transit, then renting cars/vans and straight up calling cabs/Uber when needed is still absurdly cheaper, particularly with European gas, insurance and maintenance prices, and somewhat limited parking space. Sure, the odd 100€ cab fare to urgently go somewhere far hurts in one shot, but according to my own numbers for where I live, just having a used car lying around "just in case" without any mileage is 304€/mo.
