I noticed in OP's post that the two frequencies for the cowbell are 540hz and 800hz (although I don't see where this is denoted on the original schematics.) But we'll assume they're accurate numbers.
While a perfect fifth is a difference of 7 semitones, this produces a difference of only 6.804 semitones. It would seem that its designers didn't have a perfect fifth in mind.
Also, 540Hz is C#5 -45 cents and 800Hz is G5 +35 cents. So neither note seems intended to correspond to any natural key.