It's true that mobile Safari seems to lack a setting for default font size or what Mac Safari has, a minimum font size setting.
It does have a default Page Zoom setting and it will remember Page Zoom changes per-domain (e.g. I have this site set to 115%).
There is a way for web sites to make use of iOS's Dynamic Type setting [0] to make text larger, but it's up to each site's author to include the requisite values in their CSS.
[0] https://www.interactiveaccessibility.com/blog/text-resizing-...