Only after you give them a phone number. In fact, they allow you to remove the phone number afterwards, so clearly they're happy with non-SMS 2FA being the only 2FA method on the account, as long as they first get the opportunity to stalk you beforehand.
There's no universal definition of a burner phone number, but they do ban certain number ranges commonly associated with VoIP providers. Your best bet is to get a prepaid SIM as those typically draw from the main number pool of the carrier so scum like Google can't ban those without also banning a third of their target market.
