Microsoft's monorepo tooling has been especially interesting to watch from an engineering standpoint as seemingly almost all of it has been in the public eye, open source, and in most cases upstreamed. VFS for Git [1] was one of their first approaches (simply virtualizing the git filesystem and proxying it through servers as necessary), and while portions of it will never be upstreamed (in particular because it needs OS drivers) it's all open source, a lot of concepts from it were upstreamed into git itself and VFS for Git is mostly considered legacy/deprecated. Microsoft's more recent follow up tool was Scalar [2], which started as a fork of most of the remaining relevant bits of VFS for git plus a repo config tool that helped setup sparse clones while the git CLI ("porcelain") for sparse cloning took a bit to catch up with what the "plumbing" could do. Most of that got directly upstreamed into the git "porcelain" and since that point so much of Scalar was upstreamed into git that the remaining tools of Scalar are now VCed directly in Microsoft's git fork rather than its own repo.
In terms of raw engineering capability it seems we are in something of a golden age of monorepo tools available as open source, for those trying to use git for monorepos. Admittedly the tools may be available now, but that doesn't make them any easier to work with than the era when they were simply unavailable because there's often a lot of engineering work still to be done to keep the tools humming along (in bandwidth and hosting alone).
It's just interesting to see more of the tools available transparently, sometimes because they still have benefits to even smaller scaled repos. (While VFS for Git is unlikely necessary for small/medium repos, there are some times where sparse clones can be handy at even medium sizes. A lot of the engineering work upstreamed to make sparse clones performant and capable indirectly benefit repositories of any scale in reducing filesystem reads overall and adding support for storing better computed caches on-disk such as commit-graphs and reachability bitmaps rather than repetitively rebuilding them in memory.)
