The cladding can not stop any water and, if the control layers beneath the insulation are properly installed, it won't make any difference. The fact that the cladding does help in blocking rain is just a nice bonus to its primary function.
In some locations it may be difficult for the cladding to do this: think of any place very foggy. There's no way to make the cladding air tight, so high humidity (100%) air will get behind it (stopped by the c. layers). Or if you have shingles on your roof that leak (or get blown off in a storm), they can still block UV, but there will be dripping. And that's why you want the control layer(s) further in.
Water can destroy a structure very quickly if you don't allow for easy/quick drying. Defense in depth.
> In addition, the author also lists a separate item for air control, but later writes "What about this air control thing? Well air can carry a lot of water and water is bad for the structure" - further muddying the issue, as now he seems to be discussing water vapor.
At the top of the article he lists the control layers in order of importance. Controlling for air is more important than control for vapour, as this video explains:
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXXgjvOJcYI
It's just if you control for air you also just happen to do a lot of controlling for vapour. There's can be a lot of moisture in air, i.e., humidity.
Further there can be some subtleties with moisture/vapour: in many case you want to stop any flow either in or out of the building; in other cases you want to control air but let moisture out:
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhkGcklWB_Q
* https://www.buildingscience.com/documents/building-science-i...
* https://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-077-c...