JavaScript (strict mode) doesn't have explicit typing, but it still requires variables to be declared.

It would be impossible in any language that requires either explicit typing or some kind of 'let' keyword. (Or, in the fringe case, a language like Go which uses a different operator for initialisation-plus-assignment.)

This is a scoping rule, not typing. Scoping is a mechanism of symbol resolution, i.e. what do you mean by `foo` at line N. Is it a local, an argument, a global, or addresses a symbol defined in an enclosing scope? Most languages use explicit local definitions, searching implicit ones in outer scopes bottom-up, ending at the global scope. Python was the first popular non-basic language which made implicit assignments to be local and shadowing and function-scoped:

  global x = 1
  def setx():
    if True:
      x = 2 # completely different x
    print x # prints 2, visible outside of `if`
  setx()
  print x # prints 1

This led to a funny keyword 'nonlocal', because you can't simply ignore scoping and pretend that you're BASIC in any serious program.

(To my opinion, python had a good start, but lost in the woods for no clear reason. It's a movie mutant of a language, which tried to appeal to non-programmers and somehow succeed, and then realized that non-programmers eventually become ones, and it's not hard. Now it's too late to fix this mess. End of opinion.)

Declaration and explicit typing are logically orthogonal, but few if any languages require typing but not declaration. Lots require declaration but not typing.

It is common tonall languages that have the same syntax for definitions and mutation.

In Scheme, for example, this is not an issue.