That’s because abstraction enables a mental model and a language around the translation of your domain to computation.

When people dont understand or agree with a model, then you get these conflicting perspectives on what constitutes correct or incorrect expression.

In some simple cases it’s clear that there is a problem, or debt, when there is a clear semantic violation, a code smell or similar. But often there are multiple ways of expressing the same.

Quantification of unnecessary complexity can only be done after you know what is necessary and how you express that.