IANAL but if he signed a non-compete maybe this could be a legal issue.
https://slidebean.com/blog/startups-zoom-company-story-eric-...
- The company's version is not sufficiently original. IANAL but there are many sites that do something similar to replit, as shown in the blog post.
- Your version is sufficiently limited that it falls under fair use, or sufficiently minimal that it falls under the "de minimus" exception*. The guy made his project by himself in 4 days, and explicitly mentions that it does not have, and he has no intention of adding, the features it would need to compete in the marketplace with replit.
* https://www.jgschwartzlawblog.com/the-de-minimis-copyright-e...
Designs may or may not be covered by copyright depending on how specific they are.
There is no protection on ideas.
You can most definitely leave a company and start a competitor doing exactly what you were doing in your previous role. California laws specifically encourage that, and that is the main reason why Silicon Valley exists.
If nothing else, your conflation of "design" and "idea" doesn't make much sense, because the two are treated vastly differently by the legal system.