Yes, Bongard problems are synonymous with the process of creating mental models, which is the process of science. Logical positivism and constructivism are both scientific - constructivism is a superset of positivist tools and better accommodates systemic/emergent properties.

Positivism is analytic/materialist, which is to say that it purports that you can understand a thing by understanding the behaviour of its smallest pieces. This denies emergent properties, which cannot be understood from the parts. Constructivism allows for multiple distinct (ie, irreconcilable) models to be used in reference to the same subject, depending on the properties that are of interest. It does not require all models to be reconciled into a hierarchy.