BTW the origin of this legal regime is the card issuers themselves back in the 1960s as people were reluctant to use the cards. It's also good law in the sense that the card companies can modulate the line between reducing friction vs their fraud detection abilities & tolerance for fraud.

Of course one of the downsides is they do this via mass surveillance. That's why I put the quotes around "generous" -- it wasn't out of good will towards customers. Another was pushing quite a bit of responsibility onto merchants.