> Was Apache, Asterisk, or loading and hardening a Linux host on bare metal easier?
Yes, and by far. Adding a layer on top of all the traditional Linux daemons, tools and libraries does not decrease the total complexity - quite the contrary.
When you have a bug in an application that is related to something in on another layer you have to walk through the whole stack.
Examples: A bug in a network card impacting only large UDP packets. A race condition of file access triggered by NFS or a storage device driver. A vulnerability based on a timing attack due to CPU caches.
The deeper the stack, the worse.