Go programs are not (generally speaking) statically linked, unless you're explicitly doing CGO_ENABLED=0, -tags 'netgo' and the whole variety of other tricks needed to coax static binaries out of the compiler. Try running "ldd" or "file" on your Go binaries -- most of the time they'll be dynamic objects and linked to glibc, especially if you're just doing a stock "go build".
In addition, Debian definitely does package Go programs -- they've packaged some of mine and they have possibly the most ambitious way of solving the great vendor/ issue (which most other distributions have ignored).
The likely issue with LXD is that they require specific versions of various system libraries that they package in their source code bundles (including a fork of sqlite3!). I packaged LXD for openSUSE[1]. It wasn't really fun, but it is fairly doable if you have a flexible enough view on "good packaging practices" (and I imagine Debian packagers didn't feel like going through all the necessary workarounds -- which includes patching the ELF binary in the openSUSE case). And note that LXD isn't even a static binary -- I tried to compile it statically to get around a whole range of issues and it was a nightmare.
[1]: https://build.opensuse.org/package/show/Virtualization:conta...