Last I checked, there was, I think, 3 public libraries in California that allowed you to get a library card without being present. One of them required verification in some other method (fax? I can't remember), the other two had a second level card that didn't give access to ebooks or other library resources.
I'm not 100% sure that this was in place before COVID-19, but I think it was.
To check out physical books, you have to visit a library in person and upgrade the virtual library card to a physical library card.
NYPL, for instance, suspended address verification for issuing new e-library cards, with the caveat that it was restricted to borrowing ebooks.